STRUCTURES LIST I

 

HISTOLOGY

 

Marieb: 1-9 (anatomical terminology), 53-69, 534-543  Martini:  112-141

 

I.          EPITHELIAL TISSUE

 

A.        Simple squamous - single layer of flat, tile-like cells, central nuclei; location:  capillaries, air sacs in lungs, kidney glomerulus; function:  diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

 

B.                 Stratified squamous - several layers of cells, top layer flat, deeper layers are cuboidal to

            columnar; location:  mouth, vagina, esophagus; function: protection.

 

C.        Cuboidal - usually a single layer of cube-shaped cells, centrally located nucleus, often forms tubes; location:  kidney tubules, ducts of glands; function:  secretion and absorption.

 

D.        Columnar - usually single layer of rectangular cells, nuclei at base; location:  digestive tract, uterus; function:  protection, absorption, secretes mucus.

 

E.         Ciliated columnar - similar to columnar, only cilia along border; location:  upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes; function: secrete and move mucus.

 

II.         CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 

A.        Areolar (loose) connective - many cells (nuclei stain darkly) with thick (collagen) and thin (elastin) disorganized fibers, elastic characteristics; location:  all over, subcutaneous skin layer; function:  acts as "glue" to hold organs and muscles together and holds skin to underlying tissues.

 

B.         Adipose - fat cells; contain large vacuole for fat storage, nuclei pushed to edge of cell; location:  deep to skin, around some organs, behind eyes, yellow marrow of long bones; function: energy & water storage.

 

C.        Bone - consists of rings (lamellae) of calcified tissue that "trap" bone cells (osteocytes) within lacunae (small cavity); location:  particularly the shafts of long bones; function:  support, protection of organs, mineral storage and regulation.

 

D.                 Cartilage - appears glassy and smooth, cartilage cells (chondrocytes) are contained within lacunae; location:  joints, nose, ear, trachea, bronchi, and ends of ribs at sternum: function:  shock absorption, flexibility while retaining shape.

 

E.        Dense Regular (white fibrous) - thin, white fibers packed parallel together with nuclei squeezed flat; location:  ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses; function:  flexibility attaches muscle to muscle or muscle to bone.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F.         Blood

 

1)         Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - biconcave shape, no nucleus; location:  blood; function:  transport of gases (mainly oxygen).

 

2)         White blood cells (leukocytes) - 5 types, but usually have large, dark-stained nucleus, and lighter-stained cytoplasm; location:  blood; function:  phagocytosis and immunity.

 

3)         Platelets (thrombocytes) - pieces of RBCs and WBCs, very small, darker stained                                                          than RBCs; location:  blood; function: blood clotting.

 

III.       MUSCLE TISSUE                                                                                                                             

 

A.        Smooth - nuclei centrally located, spindle-shaped, no striations; location:  walls of digestive system, blood vessels, ureters, uterus; function: involuntary contraction, moves substances through tubes of the body.

 

B.         Skeletal - nuclei peripherally located and bulge out of the side, striations present; location:  skeletal muscle; function:  movement of skeleton.

 

C.        Cardiac - striations present, nuclei centrally located, branching of cells occurs, intercalated disks present; location:  heart; function: movement of blood.

 

IV.       NERVOUS TISSUE

 

Cells usually geometric shapes (triangular), neurons surrounded by supportive (glial) tissue; location:  brain, spinal cord, nerves; function:  nerve impulse conduction.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

 

Marieb: 219-220 (removal of the skin), 412 (opening of body cavities), 455-471, 471-474 (dissection)  

Martini:  875-916

*Be able to identify the following structures on the cat, human, and models unless otherwise noted.

 

 1.        Parotid gland (cat and model only)

 

 2.        Submandibular gland (cat and model only)

 

 3.        Oral cavity (cat and model only)

 

a.         cheeks

 

b.         lips

 

c.         teeth

 

d.         hard palate

 

e.         soft palate

 

f.          tongue

 

 4.        Pharynx (human and models only)

 

 5.        Esophagus

 

 6.        Greater omentum

 

 7.        Stomach

 

a.         Cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal sphincter)

 

b.         Cardia

 

c.         Fundus

 

d.         Body

 

e.         Pylorus

 

f.          Pyloric sphincter

 

g.         Greater curvature

 

h.         Lesser curvature

 

 

 

 

 

 8.        Small intestine                                                                                                                                      

 

a.         Duodenum

 

b.         Jejunum

 

c.         Ileum

 

 9.        Large intestine

 

a.         Cecum

 

b.         Ascending colon

 

c.         Transverse colon

 

d.         Descending colon

 

e.         Sigmoid colon

 

f.                    Rectum

 

g.                   Haustra

 

10.       Appendix (absent in cats)

 

11.       Anus

 

12.       Liver (right and left lobes)

 

a.         Falciform ligament

 

13.       Gall bladder

 

14.       Common bile duct

 

15.       Pancreas

 

16.       Visceral peritoneum

 

17.       Parietal peritoneum

 

18.       Mesentery

 

 

 

 

                               CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:  HEART AND GREAT VESSELS                              

 

Marieb: 383-392  Martini:  682-695, 750-767

 

*Be able to identify the following features on the human heart and models.

 

EXTERNAL FEATURES

 

1.         Base

 

2.         Apex

 

3.         Right atrium

 

4.         Superior vena cava

 

5.         Inferior vena cava

 

6.         Right ventricle

 

7.         Pulmonary trunk and aa.

 

8.         Pulmonary vv.

 

9.         Left atrium

 

10.       Left ventricle

 

11.       Aorta

 

12.       Coronary aa.

 

13.       Coronary sinus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERNAL FEATURES   (These structures may be found in Martini: 682-695).  Identify structures on human and models only.

 

1.         Right ventricle

 

2.         Left ventricle

 

3.         Interventricular septum

 

4.         Tricuspid (Right A-V) valve

 

5.         Bicuspid (Left A-V) valve

 

6.         Chordae tendineae

 

7.         Aortic semilunar valve

 

8.         Pulmonary semilunar valve

 

9.         Fossa ovalis – an embryonic remnant, i.e., a “left-over” from embryonic development. 

 

 

                                                   CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:  VESSELS                                                  

 

Marieb:  397-409, 412-420 (dissection) Martini: 750-767

*Be able to identify the following structures on the cat, human, and models unless otherwise noted.

 

VESSELS ABOVE THE HEART

 

 1.        Ascending aorta

 

 2.        Aortic arch

 

 3.        Brachiocephalic a.

 

 4.        Subclavian aa. & vv. (right and left)

 

 5.        Common carotid aa. (right and left)

 

 6.        Pulmonary trunk

 

 7.        Pulmonary aa. & vv.

 

 8.        Axillary aa. (right and left)

 

 9.        Brachial aa. (right and left)

 

10.       Superior vena cava

 

11.       Brachiocephalic vv. (right and left)

 

12.       Jugular vv. (right and left)