STRUCTURES LIST III

STRUCTURES LIST III

AXIAL SKELETON

Marieb: 119-125 Martini: 231-242

Identify on human skeletons and bones.

I. SKULL

II. BODY WALL

A. Sternum

1. manubrium

2. body

3. xiphoid process

B. Ribs

1. head

2. neck

3. body

4. costal groove

C. Vertebrae

Parts

1. body

2. spinous process

3. vertebral foramen

4. transverse process

5. articulating processes (superior & inferior)

Kinds of vertebrae

1. cervical - 7, have bifid spinous process and transverse foramen

a. atlas - C1, articulates w/ occipital condyles

b. axis - C2, articulates w/ atlas

2. thoracic - 12, spinous process points inferiorly

3. lumbar - 5, larger, broader spinous process

4. sacral - 5 fused vertebrae

5. coccygeal - 3 to 5 fused vertebrae

Curves of the spine

1. cervical curve - secondary

2. thoracic curve - primary

3. lumbar curve - secondary

4. sacral curve - primary

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Marieb: 133-144, 546-547 Martini: 247-263

You must be able to identify right or left bones from each other.

I. UPPER EXTREMITY AND SHOULDER GIRDLE

A. Clavicle

1. sternal end

2. acromial end

B. Scapula

1. body

2. spine

3. acromion process

4. glenoid cavity

5. coracoid process

C. Humerus

1. head

2. anatomical neck

3. surgical neck

4. shaft

5. greater tubercle

6. lesser tubercle

7. deltoid tuberosity

8. lateral and medial epicondyles

9. olecranon fossa

10. capitulum

11. trochlea

D. Ulna

1. olecranon

2. trochlear notch

3. radial notch

4. styloid process

E. Radius

1. head

2. neck

3. radial tuberosity

4. styloid process

F. Carpals

G. Metacarpals

H. Phalanges

II. LOWER EXTREMITY AND PELVIC GIRDLE

Pelvic bones - 2 os coxae (each made of 3 fused bones). Be able to identify male and female skeletons, and os coxae.

A. Ilium

1. iliac crest

2. iliac fossa

3. anterior superior iliac spine

4. posterior superior iliac spine

5. greater sciatic notch

B. Ischium

1. ischial tuberosity

C. Pubis

Pelvic features

1. acetabulum

2. obturator foramen

3. pubic arch

Lower Extremity

A. Femur

1. head

2. neck

3. greater trochanter

4. lesser trochanter

5. linea aspera

6. medial and lateral condyles

B. Patella

C. Tibia

1. tibial tuberosity

2. medial condyle

3. lateral condyle

4. medial malleolus

D. Fibula - * you do not need to differentiate R from L

1. head

2. lateral malleolus

E. Tarsals

F. Metatarsals

G. Phalanges

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Marieb: 185-218; 219-234 (dissection) Martini: 336-381

Parts of muscles: belly - the body or thick, fleshy part; insertion - the attachment of a muscle to the more movable part of the skeleton; origin - the attachment of a muscle to the more fixed (non-movable) part of the skeleton.

Identify on cats, humans, and models unless otherwise noted.

I. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK

A. Muscles of mastication (chewing)

1. Temporalis

2. Masseter

3. Digastricus: anterior and posterior bellies

B. Muscles of facial expression (human and models only)

1. Orbicularis oculi

2. Zygomaticus

3. Orbicularis oris

4. Levator labii superioris

5. Depressor labii inferioris

6. Buccinator

C. Muscles of the neck

1. Sternocleidomastoid (2 muscles in the cat)

2. Sternohyoid

3. Omohyoid (human and models only)

4. Platysma (human and models only)

II. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

A. Muscles that move the pectoral (shoulder) girdle

1. Pectoralis minor (human and models only)

2. Serratus anterior (ventralis in cat)

3. Trapezius (3 muscles in the cat)

4. Levator scapulae (human and models only)

B. Muscles that move the humerus

1. Pectoralis major (pectoral muscle in cats)

2. Latissimus dorsi

3. Deltoid (human and models only)

C. Muscles that move the forearm

1. Biceps brachii

2. Brachialis (human and models only)

3. Brachioradialis

4. Triceps brachii

5. Pronator teres

6. Supinator (human and models only)

D. Muscles that move the wrist and digits (human and models only)

1. Extensors of the hand and digits

a. Extensor carpi radialis

b. Extensor digitorum

c. Extensor carpi ulnaris

2. Flexors of the hand and digits

a. Flexor carpi radialis

b. Palmaris longus

c. Flexor digitorum

d. Flexor carpi ulnaris

* BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE EXTENSOR AND FLEXOR REGIONS OF FOREARM ON THE CAT

III. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

A. Muscles that move the thigh

1. Psoas major (posterior abdominal cavity) (human and models only)

2. Gluteus maximus

B. Muscles that extend the leg

1. Quadriceps femoris

a. Rectus femoris

b. Vastus lateralis

c. Vastus medialis

d. Vastus intermedius (human and models only)

C. Muscle that flexes the knee and thigh, and rotates the thigh laterally, thus crossing the leg

1. Sartorius

D. Muscles of the posterior thigh that flex the knee and extend the thigh

1. Hamstrings

a. Biceps femoris

b. Semitendinosus

c. Semimembranosus

E. Muscles of the medial thigh that adduct the thigh

1. Gracilis

2. Adductors of thigh (general)

F. Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (extends toes, dorsiflexes foot)

1. Tibialis anterior

2. Extensor digitorum longus

G. Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (evert foot)

1. Fibularis (Peroneus) longus

H. Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg (flexes toes, plantarflexes foot)

1. Gastrocnemius

2. Soleus

3. Flexor digitorum longus

IV. MUSCLES OF THE BODY WALL

A. Muscles of breathing

1. Diaphragm

2. External intercostals

3. Internal intercostals

B. Muscles of the anterior abdominopelvic wall

1. Rectus abdominis

2. External oblique

3. Internal oblique

4. Transverse abdominis

When identifying muscles, look at the entire length of the muscle, including its tendons. Many times you will find that by looking at the origin, insertion, and its relationship to a bone, that you will be able to name it.

A good idea which will help you to learn the names of the muscles is to list the individual functions next to the name. These specific functions can be found in your textbook, but you should be able to figure a lot of them out yourself.