Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System

I.          Arrangement principles

            A.        Ganglia (primitive connections à complex connections)

            B.        Hierarchical relations

II.          Protective structures

            A.        Meninges

                        1.         Dura

                        2.         Arachnoid

                        3.         Pia

            B.        Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

                        1.         Surrounds brain

                        2.         4 ventricles

                                    a.         2 lateral (1^st & 2^nd), 3^rd, & 4^th

                        3.         Production, circulation, and removal

                                    a.         about 125 mL

                                    b.         produced by choroid plexus

                                    c.         removed via arachnoid granulations

                        4.         Functions

III.         Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A.        Somatic system -- connects CNS with muscles & with sensory system

                        1.         Motor system

                        2.         Sensory system

                                    a.         vision

                                    b.         audition

                                    c.         olfaction

                                    d.         gustation

                                    e.         haption (somatosensation)

                                    f.          proprioception

                                    g.         vestibular sensation

            B.        Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)--controlled by hypothalamus

                        1.         Sympathetic              

2.         Parasympathetic

3.         Opponent, but highly synchronized and interrelated processes

IV.        Central Nervous System (CNS)

A.        Spinal Cord

                        1.         Brief functions

                        2.         Gray matter vs. white matter

                        3.         31 prs spinal nerves

4.         Reflex arc

                        5.         Bell-Magendie Law

            B.        Hindbrain

                        1.         Medulla

                        2.         Pons

                        3.         Cerebellum

            C.        Midbrain

                        1.         Superior colliculi (visual orienting reflex)

                        2.         Inferior colliculi (auditory orienting reflex)

            D.        Forebrain--subcortical

                        1.         Thalamus

                        2.         Hypothalamus

                        3.         Limbic system (archecortex)

            E.        Cerebral Cortex

                        1.         Organizational principles

                                    a.         Laminae

                                                i.          molecular (Lamina I)

ii.         5 additional layers--input to and output from each is functionally distributed

                                    b.         Columns

                                    c.         gray vs. white matter

d.         primary and secondary sensory, motor, association cortices

                        2.         Anatomical features

                                    a.         Hemispheres

b.         Cortex

                                                i.          sulci, gyri, fissures                            

ii.         Lobes

                        Frontal

                        Parietal

                        Occipital

                        Temporal